India is reflecting on the profound contributions of former Prime Minister Manmohan Singh following his passing on Thursday evening. A transformative figure in Indian politics and economics, Singh served as Prime Minister for two consecutive terms from 2004 to 2014 and is widely regarded as the architect of India’s economic liberalization. His visionary leadership reshaped the country’s growth trajectory, leaving a lasting impact on over a billion lives.

Singh holds the distinction of being the first Sikh to assume the role of Prime Minister and the first leader since Jawaharlal Nehru to secure a second term in office. Known for his soft-spoken demeanor and technocratic expertise, Singh previously served in pivotal roles, including as the Governor of the Reserve Bank of India, Finance Secretary, and Leader of the Opposition in the Rajya Sabha.

Here are five defining milestones from Singh’s illustrious career that continue to shape India’s political and economic landscape.

1. Architect of Economic Liberalization (1991)

In 1991, amidst a severe financial crisis with foreign reserves plummeting to dangerously low levels, Singh was appointed Finance Minister by Prime Minister PV Narasimha Rao. Under his stewardship, India embraced a new economic paradigm. Singh implemented sweeping reforms, including the devaluation of the rupee, reduction of import tariffs, and privatization of state-owned enterprises.

His famous declaration in Parliament, “No power on Earth can stop an idea whose time has come,” epitomized the bold vision that set India on the path to becoming one of the world’s fastest-growing economies. These reforms not only averted economic collapse but also lifted millions out of poverty and laid the groundwork for India’s rise as a global economic powerhouse.

2. Prime Ministerial Leadership (2004–2014)

Singh’s rise to the premiership in 2004 followed Congress leader Sonia Gandhi’s decision to step aside, citing concerns about her foreign origins. Seen as a man of integrity and consensus, Singh took the helm and oversaw a period of robust economic growth, with India’s GDP averaging 8% annually during his first term.

His tenure also saw India navigate the 2008 global financial crisis with relative resilience. However, his second term was marred by allegations of corruption involving coalition partners, though his personal reputation for integrity remained untarnished. Reflecting on his legacy in 2014, Singh remarked, “I honestly believe that history will be kinder to me than the contemporary media or opposition.”

3. Strengthening Indian Democracy

Singh championed landmark initiatives to empower citizens and improve governance. Under his leadership, the Right to Information Act was enacted, granting citizens unprecedented access to government records and fostering transparency.

He also launched the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme, which provided 100 days of guaranteed employment annually to rural households, significantly reducing poverty and boosting rural incomes. His government’s introduction of the Right to Education Act made free and compulsory education a reality for children aged 6 to 14, contributing to a substantial decline in school dropout rates.

4. Apology for Anti-Sikh Riots

In 2005, Singh delivered a historic apology in Parliament for the 1984 anti-Sikh riots that followed Prime Minister Indira Gandhi’s assassination. Acknowledging the violence that claimed thousands of lives, Singh stated, “I apologise not only to the Sikh community but to the entire Indian nation.” His words were a poignant acknowledgment of the need for reconciliation and justice.

5. The US-India Nuclear Deal (2008)

Singh’s tenure witnessed the signing of a landmark nuclear agreement with the United States, ending decades of India’s nuclear isolation. This deal, designed to address India’s burgeoning energy needs, allowed the country to engage in civilian nuclear trade while maintaining its strategic autonomy.

Despite facing fierce opposition from political parties and the withdrawal of support by the Left Front, Singh’s determination ensured both the survival of his government and the success of the agreement. The deal marked a turning point in India-US relations and underscored Singh’s commitment to India’s long-term development goals.

A Lasting Legacy

Manmohan Singh’s life and career stand as a testament to the transformative power of visionary leadership, personal integrity, and unwavering dedication to public service. As India mourns his loss, the nation also celebrates the enduring legacy of a leader who shaped modern India and left an indelible mark on its history.